Global Mortality Rates from Violence and Homicides

Global Mortality Rates from Violence and Homicides: An Expert Analysis

1. Executive Summary

This report provides an analysis of global mortality rates resulting from various forms of violence and homicides, drawing upon the provided translated article and supplementary research. The analysis encompasses intentional homicides among humans, deaths directly related to armed conflicts, human fatalities from terrorist acts, and the killing of animals in diverse contexts. Key findings reveal a concerningly high number of intentional homicides, particularly those linked to organized criminal activities within the Americas. While deaths from armed conflicts saw a decrease in 2023 compared to the preceding year, the overall figures remain substantial. Terrorism-related fatalities continued their downward trend, albeit with an observed increase in the lethality of individual attacks. Finally, the data highlights the immense scale of farm animal slaughter for food production, far surpassing mortality rates in other categories. The interpretation of these statistics is subject to certain limitations arising from variations in data collection methodologies and definitions across different categories and regions. In conclusion, this analysis underscores the persistent global challenges posed by violence and homicide, necessitating ongoing research and the implementation of targeted intervention strategies.

2. Analysis of Global Intentional Homicides

2.1. Overview of Global Homicide Statistics:

The data indicates that approximately 458,000 victims of intentional homicide were recorded worldwide in 2021, as reported by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).18 This translates to an average of about 52 individuals losing their lives to intentional homicide every hour across the globe in that year.18 Notably, despite a general stability in the global homicide count over the preceding two decades, fluctuating between 400,000 and 450,000 annually, the year 2021 registered an exceptionally high level of mortality from this particular form of violence.18 This slight increase in 2021, deviating from the longer-term trend, may suggest a delayed impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the socio-economic factors that contribute to violence. The economic hardships and social disruptions resulting from the pandemic could have intensified existing tensions and generated new opportunities for criminal activities. The sheer hourly rate of homicides underscores the widespread and continuous nature of intentional killings on a global scale, highlighting the significant human cost and the urgent need to address the fundamental causes of such violence. The "exceptionally high level" of homicides in 2021 warrants further scrutiny into the specific factors that contributed to this deviation, as it may necessitate the adaptation or development of more effective prevention strategies should this trend persist.

2.2. Detailed Breakdown of Homicides by Different Motives:

Obtaining a comprehensive and directly comparable global breakdown of homicides based on motive presents a considerable challenge due to limitations in data availability, inconsistencies in reporting practices across different nations, and the significant proportion of homicides recorded with unknown or unspecified motives.1 Nevertheless, the UNODC employs a classification system based on the International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes (ICCS), which categorizes intentional homicide into three broad types: homicide related to criminal activities, interpersonal homicide, and sociopolitical homicide.1

2.2.1. Homicides Related to Criminal Activity:

A substantial portion of intentional homicides globally are associated with criminal activity, with estimates suggesting that nearly 40% of such homicides worldwide are crime-related.18 Organized crime and gang-related violence emerge as major contributing factors in this category.18 In 2021, homicides directly attributed to organized criminal groups and gangs accounted for approximately 22% of all intentional homicides worldwide.18 This proportion was notably higher in the Americas, reaching around 50%.18 The strong connection between organized crime and homicides, particularly evident in the Americas, emphasizes the necessity for focused law enforcement efforts and social interventions within this region. Competition for control over illicit markets, the presence of weak rule of law, and underlying socioeconomic inequalities frequently fuel the activities of organized criminal groups and the violence associated with them.18 Increased activity and influence of these criminal entities directly correlate with elevated homicide rates in the affected areas, as power struggles, territorial disputes, and the enforcement of criminal enterprises often involve lethal violence. The prevalence of crime-related homicides can have far-reaching negative consequences, destabilizing communities, impeding economic progress, and eroding the public's faith in governing institutions.2 A climate of fear and insecurity can permeate daily life, undermining social cohesion and overall well-being.

2.2.2. Domestic Homicides and Other Interpersonal Homicides:

This category encompasses homicides committed within a personal or familial context. Of particular concern are homicides perpetrated by intimate partners or other family members. In 2023, alarmingly, an estimated 51,100 women and girls were intentionally killed globally by their intimate partners or other family members.20 This accounted for a staggering 60% of all female homicides recorded that year.20 This category also includes other forms of interpersonal homicides that occur outside the family setting, such as killings by acquaintances, friends, or neighbors. The disproportionately high rate of femicides underscores the persistent and deeply troubling issue of gender-based violence, highlighting the significant danger that women and girls face even within their own homes.3 Societal norms that perpetuate gender inequality, power imbalances within relationships, and the inadequacy of support systems for victims of domestic violence can contribute to situations where violence escalates to homicide. Addressing these fundamental factors is essential for effective prevention. Elevated rates of domestic homicide have devastating social and psychological repercussions for families and communities, reflecting a failure of societal mechanisms designed to protect vulnerable individuals.

2.2.3. Socio-politically Motivated Homicides:

This broad category includes homicides driven by social biases, often manifesting as hate crimes, as well as homicides motivated by political objectives, including terrorist acts and other forms of politically motivated violence. Regarding hate crimes, the report references data from the FBI in the United States for 2022, which showed an increase in reported incidents, with race-based hate crimes remaining the most prevalent category.4 It is important to note that obtaining comprehensive global statistics on hate crimes is challenging due to variations in legal definitions, reporting mechanisms, and overall data collection efforts across different countries.1 The increase in reported hate crimes in the US, alongside evidence of rising hate crimes in other regions like Canada 5, suggests a concerning trend of escalating intolerance and violence motivated by bias. Underlying social and political factors, including increased societal polarization and the spread of extremist ideologies, may contribute to this rise. Socio-political tensions and extremist beliefs can directly incite hate crimes and politically motivated violence, often intended to instill fear and inflict harm on specific groups or to achieve political aims through intimidation. Homicides motivated by socio-political factors can severely damage social cohesion, create climates of fear and division within societies, and pose a significant threat to democratic values, emphasizing the critical need to address intolerance, promote inclusivity, and actively counter extremist narratives.

2.3. Average Monthly and Daily Homicide Rates:

Based on the total number of intentional homicides recorded in 2021 (458,000), the average monthly rate is approximately 38,167 deaths, and the average daily rate is about 1,255 deaths.18 These figures starkly illustrate the continuous and widespread nature of intentional killings on a global scale, underscoring that homicide is not an isolated occurrence but a persistent and pervasive global issue.19 These rates are a direct consequence of the total number of homicides and serve to emphasize the sheer magnitude of the problem, providing compelling data for public awareness campaigns and highlighting the urgent need for effective prevention initiatives. The sheer volume of daily homicides points to a significant global burden in terms of human suffering, economic losses 6), and overall societal instability, emphasizing the need for comprehensive and multifaceted strategies to address the underlying causes of violence.

2.4. Data Sources for Homicides:

The primary data source for this section is the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), particularly its Global Homicide Study (various editions, with a focus on the 2023 edition).18 Other potential data sources, such as national crime statistics agencies and the World Health Organization (WHO), may also be mentioned 22, but their limitations in terms of global comparability due to differences in definitions, reporting standards, and data collection methodologies should be noted.46 The reliance on UNODC as the main source suggests a level of standardization in global homicide data collection, yet the acknowledged limitations highlight the ongoing challenges in achieving complete comparability across different countries and regions.70 Efforts to further harmonize definitions and reporting standards are crucial for enabling more accurate and meaningful global analyses. Differences in how countries collect homicide data can indeed impact the accuracy and comparability of global statistics, potentially leading to underreporting or misrepresentation of the true extent of the problem in certain areas. These data limitations can subsequently hinder the development of effective policies and the allocation of resources for violence prevention initiatives at the global level, underscoring the importance of continuous efforts to improve data quality and comparability for evidence-based interventions.

3. Analysis of Global Mortality from Armed Conflicts

3.1. Total Number of Deaths from Armed Conflicts:

According to the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), the total number of deaths from organized violence worldwide in 2023 was approximately 154,000.46 This represents a significant decrease from the roughly 310,000 deaths recorded in 2022.46 The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) estimated the number of conflict-related deaths in 2022 to be 147,609.53 The difference in data between UCDP's 2022 figure 79 and SIPRI's 147,609 53) highlights the complexity of accurately counting deaths in armed conflicts due to variations in methodologies, definitions (e.g., battle-related deaths vs. all conflict-related deaths), and access to conflict zones.20 The decrease in conflict-related fatalities in 2023 is a welcome trend, yet the substantial figures for both years underscore the persistent prevalence of deadly armed conflicts across the globe. The observed discrepancies between UCDP and SIPRI estimates emphasize the inherent challenges in precisely measuring conflict mortality, with differing methodologies, the scope of definitions (whether they include only battle-related deaths or encompass all conflict-related deaths), and the practical difficulties of accessing conflict zones all contributing to these variations. The cessation of the extremely bloody conflict in the Tigray region of Ethiopia at the close of 2022 is identified as a primary factor contributing to the reduction in global conflict deaths in 2023 72, demonstrating the significant impact that the resolution of a major conflict can have on overall global mortality figures. Despite this decrease, the toll of 154,000 deaths in 2023 remains one of the highest since UCDP began its data collection in 1989 72, indicating that while there was a reduction, the level of conflict-related violence globally continues to be alarmingly high. However, it is important to note that more recent data suggests a potential reversal of this trend, with one report indicating a 37% rise in fatalities year-on-year during the reporting period of July 2023 to June 2024.80

3.2. Breakdown by Conflict Type:

UCDP data from 1989 to 2023 indicates that intrastate conflicts (between a state and a non-state armed group) have caused the highest number of fatalities, with 1.9 million deaths.73 One-sided violence (violence against civilians) ranks second with 1.2 million deaths.73 Non-state conflicts and interstate conflicts have resulted in fewer deaths.73 The predominance of intrastate conflicts as a cause of mortality reflects the changing nature of warfare in recent decades, where internal conflicts often prove more protracted and deadly than traditional interstate wars.20 This dominance suggests that internal conflicts, possibly fueled by factors such as state fragility, ethnic tensions, and the proliferation of non-state armed groups, have become the primary drivers of war-related deaths globally. Intrastate conflicts frequently involve instances of one-sided violence directed against civilian populations, blurring the distinctions between different categories of conflict-related deaths, as the targeting of civilians can be a deliberate tactic employed in such conflicts. The high number of fatalities resulting from one-sided violence underscores the severe humanitarian consequences of armed conflicts and the extreme vulnerability of civilian populations 60, emphasizing the critical need for prioritizing the protection of civilians in conflict zones and ensuring accountability for perpetrators of such violence.

3.3. Regional Distribution of Conflict Deaths:

More than half of all conflict-related deaths since 1989 have occurred in Africa.73 The Middle East and Asia have also been heavily affected.73 In 2022, over 40% of all conflict deaths globally occurred in Ethiopia.53 In 2023, Ukraine and Israel/Palestine experienced high numbers of fatalities.71 The geographical concentration of conflict deaths in specific regions underscores the persistent instability and violence in these areas.20 The disproportionate number of conflict deaths in Africa, along with the significant impact on the Middle East and Asia, highlights the regions that have experienced prolonged and intense instability, often linked to underlying political grievances, competition for resources, and external influences. The concentration of deaths in specific countries like Ethiopia in 2022 and Ukraine and Israel/Palestine in 2023 demonstrates how conflicts in particular nations can significantly skew the global distribution of conflict-related fatalities in any given year. The escalation or de-escalation of major conflicts in these focal points can have a substantial effect on overall global figures. The disproportionate impact of armed conflict on Africa and the Middle East carries significant consequences for the development, stability, and humanitarian situation within these regions 56, emphasizing the critical need for sustained international cooperation and targeted assistance to address the root causes of conflict and provide support to affected populations.

3.4. Monthly and Daily Breakdown of Conflict-Related Deaths:

The provided research snippets do not contain a comprehensive global monthly or daily breakdown of conflict-related deaths. While snippet 71 provides some monthly data for specific conflicts in 2023 (e.g., Ukraine), and 82 gives context on civilian deaths in certain conflicts in the same year, full global monthly or daily data is not available. The collection and verification of mortality data in active conflict zones pose significant challenges.53 The absence of detailed, real-time data on conflict-related deaths underscores the difficulties inherent in monitoring and responding to violence in active conflict zones. This lack of granular temporal data can impede timely humanitarian interventions and the effective implementation of conflict resolution strategies. The inherent intensity and fluidity of conflict situations make the consistent and accurate collection of mortality data exceptionally difficult, with factors such as access restrictions, security risks for data collectors, and the breakdown of established reporting mechanisms all contributing to this challenge. The absence of comprehensive monthly or daily mortality data can obscure the true human cost of conflict and hinder the ability to accurately track trends and evaluate the effectiveness of peace initiatives, highlighting the critical need for developing and implementing improved data collection methodologies in conflict-affected settings.

3.5. Data Sources for Deaths from Armed Conflicts:

The primary data sources for this section are the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) 18, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) (Global Burden of Disease study) 53, the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) 53, the SIPRI Yearbook 53, World Bank data 1, and reports from the UN Security Council.22 The utilization of diverse sources underscores the multidisciplinary nature of studying armed conflict and its consequences. Different organizations and research institutes employ varying methodologies and focus on distinct aspects of conflict, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. For instance, data from UCDP, which primarily focuses on battle-related deaths 69, may differ from the IHME's Global Burden of Disease study, which takes into account the broader health impacts of conflict.20 Understanding these methodological differences is crucial for accurately interpreting the reported statistics. The availability of data from these reputable sources enables researchers and policymakers to conduct evidence-based analyses of conflict trends and to formulate informed policy responses aimed at conflict prevention and mitigation.

4. Analysis of Global Mortality from Terrorism

4.1. Total Number of Deaths from Terrorist Acts:

According to the Global Terrorism Index 2023, the total number of deaths from terrorism in 2022 was 6,701, a decrease of 9% from 2021 (7,142 deaths).4 The Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) is the primary source for this data. While the overall number of deaths from terrorism has declined, the number of countries reporting at least one death from terrorism remained relatively constant between 2020 and 2022.4 Notably, the lethality of terrorist attacks increased in 2022, with an average of 1.7 deaths per attack compared to 1.3 in 2021.4 While the reduction in the total number of terrorism-related deaths is a positive trend, the relatively stable number of affected countries suggests that the geographical spread of terrorism remains a significant concern. The observed increase in the lethality of attacks may indicate a shift in terrorist tactics or targeting strategies. The decrease in overall deaths could potentially be attributed to factors such as the weakening of certain terrorist organizations or the success of counter-terrorism efforts, whereas the increased lethality might point towards the execution of more sophisticated attacks or a deliberate focus on maximizing casualties in fewer incidents.102 This interplay between the number of attacks and their lethality underscores a potential evolution in the landscape of global terrorism.

4.2. Monthly and Daily Breakdown of Terrorism-Related Deaths:

The provided research snippets do not contain a comprehensive global monthly or daily breakdown of terrorism-related deaths. The Global Terrorism Index and the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) primarily report annual figures and analyze trends over longer periods.47 Obtaining such detailed data on a global scale is challenging. The absence of granular temporal data on terrorism-related deaths makes it difficult to identify short-term spikes or specific patterns in these fatalities, which in turn can hinder real-time monitoring efforts and the ability to implement rapid response strategies. The inherently unpredictable nature of terrorist attacks contributes to the challenge of establishing consistent monthly or daily patterns at a global level, as these attacks are often influenced by specific political events, religious observances, or the strategic objectives of particular terrorist groups. Consequently, the lack of detailed temporal data can make it harder to assess the immediate impact of counter-terrorism measures or to predict future trends in terrorist activity with a high degree of precision, highlighting the value of ongoing efforts to improve real-time data collection and analysis in this complex area.

4.3. Data Sources for Deaths from Terrorism:

The primary data sources for this section are the Global Terrorism Database (GTD), maintained by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) at the University of Maryland 4, and the Global Terrorism Index, published annually by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP).60 The reliance on these specialized databases indicates a focused and systematic effort dedicated to the collection and analysis of data specifically related to terrorist activities.47 This allows for a more nuanced and detailed understanding of terrorism trends compared to analyses based on broader crime statistics. However, it is important to acknowledge that methodological differences between the GTD and the Global Terrorism Index, such as variations in definitions of terrorism or in data collection methodologies, might potentially lead to slight discrepancies in the figures reported by each source. Understanding these nuances is therefore important for ensuring accurate interpretation of the data. The availability of these dedicated data sources is crucial as it enables researchers, policymakers, and security agencies to effectively track global terrorism trends, identify regions most affected by terrorism, and ultimately develop more targeted and informed counter-terrorism strategies.

5. Analysis of Global Animal Killings

5.1. Estimated Number of Animal Deaths from Abuse:

Obtaining comprehensive global statistics on animal deaths resulting from abuse is a significant challenge.122 However, it is estimated that in the United States alone, approximately 10 million animals die each year from abuse or neglect.46 Some sources suggest that globally, at least one animal is abused every minute.87 The lack of reliable global statistics highlights the hidden nature of this problem and the difficulties in data collection.94 The absence of comprehensive global data on animal deaths due to abuse underscores the pressing need for the development and implementation of improved data collection and reporting systems in this area. The US estimate of 10 million deaths annually provides a stark indication of the significant scale of the problem within one country, suggesting that the global issue is likely to be considerably larger. Animal abuse often goes undetected and unreported due to various factors, including fear of reprisal, a lack of public awareness, or the inadequacy of existing legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms. Increased public awareness and more effective reporting mechanisms could lead to a higher number of recorded cases, although this might reflect improved data rather than necessarily an actual increase in the incidence of abuse. Public education initiatives and the enactment of stronger legal protections for animals are crucial steps in effectively addressing this issue. The widespread abuse and death of animals raise profound ethical concerns regarding animal welfare and the moral responsibility of humans in their treatment of sentient beings.95 Furthermore, research suggests a potential link between animal abuse and violence against humans, indicating that animal cruelty can sometimes be a precursor to or occur in conjunction with violence directed towards people.

5.2. Estimated Number of Animals Killed by Hunting:

Similar to animal abuse, there is no readily available and reliable global statistic for the total number of animals killed by hunting each year.120 However, available data indicates that in the United States alone, hunters kill over 200 million animals annually.78 Obtaining even fragmented data from other regions of the world would be valuable for forming a more complete understanding of the global scale of animal mortality related to hunting. The lack of comprehensive global statistics on the number of animals killed by hunting, much like the data on animal abuse, points to a significant gap in our understanding of the overall extent of human-caused animal mortality from these activities. The US figure of over 200 million animals killed annually by hunters suggests that a substantial number of animals are killed for purposes such as sport, recreation, or wildlife population management. However, hunting practices, regulations, and cultural norms vary considerably across different countries and regions, making the aggregation of global statistics a complex undertaking. Hunting regulations, wildlife management policies implemented by governments, and prevailing cultural practices all significantly influence the number of animals killed through hunting in different parts of the world. Factors such as designated hunting seasons, established bag limits for specific species, and the legal protection afforded to certain species all play a crucial role in determining hunting mortality rates. The scale of hunting activities can have significant ecological consequences, potentially impacting wildlife populations, biodiversity, and the delicate balance of ecosystems.107 Therefore, striking a balance between human interests in hunting and the imperatives of wildlife conservation is a critical consideration for sustainable environmental management.

5.3. Statistics on Farm Animal Slaughter:

This section presents detailed statistics on the number of farm animals slaughtered globally for meat production. The primary data source is the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), as well as analyses of this data by organizations such as Faunalytics and Our World in Data.90 The latest available complete data is for 2022. In 2022, approximately 82.6 billion land animals were slaughtered worldwide.90 This figure does not include fish and other aquatic animals. The breakdown by major animal categories is as follows 54:

Chickens: Approximately 73.8 billion per year (around 202 million per day).101

Pigs: Approximately 1.4 billion per year (around 3.8 million per day).101

Ducks: Approximately 4.3 billion per year (around 11.8 million per day).101

Sheep: Approximately 617 million per year (around 1.7 million per day).101

Cattle: Approximately 332 million per year (around 909,000 per day).101

Fish (farmed): Estimates vary significantly, but one average estimate for 2019 is around 77 billion per year (around 211 million per day).90 Another study estimates the number of farmed fish in 2023 to be approximately 124 billion.92

Wild-caught fish: Estimates are extremely uncertain but likely in the trillions per year (billions per day).54

The sheer magnitude of farm animal slaughter for food production significantly overshadows the mortality rates observed in other categories discussed in this report, highlighting the immense impact of human dietary choices on animal lives, with chickens accounting for the vast majority of land animals slaughtered. This reflects prevailing global dietary patterns and the efficiency of modern industrial agricultural practices in producing poultry. The high numbers of farm animals slaughtered annually are directly driven by increasing global population figures and the corresponding demand for meat and animal products.90 This direct relationship underscores how human consumption patterns directly lead to the raising and subsequent killing of these animals. The immense scale of farm animal slaughter raises substantial ethical considerations regarding animal welfare, as well as significant environmental concerns related to greenhouse gas emissions, land utilization for feed production and grazing, and broader public health implications.101 Issues pertaining to the humane treatment of animals raised for food, the environmental sustainability of meat production, and the potential health impacts of high meat consumption are all interconnected with the sheer volume of animals slaughtered annually.

5.4. Average Monthly and Daily Rates for Each Category of Animal Killings:

Animal Abuse (Estimate - USA): Approximately 833,333 monthly and 27,397 daily deaths.

Hunting (Estimate - USA): Approximately 16,666,667 monthly and 547,945 daily deaths.

Farm Animal Slaughter - Total (Land Animals): Approximately 6,885,391,232 monthly and 226,371,766 daily deaths.

Farm Animal Slaughter - Chickens: Approximately 6,150,000,000 monthly and 201,917,808 daily deaths.

Farm Animal Slaughter - Pigs: Approximately 116,666,667 monthly and 383,562,055 daily deaths.

Farm Animal Slaughter - Ducks: Approximately 358,333,333 monthly and 1,178,082,192 daily deaths.

Farm Animal Slaughter - Sheep: Approximately 51,416,667 monthly and 168,941,507 daily deaths.

Farm Animal Slaughter - Cattle: Approximately 27,666,667 monthly and 908,219,178 daily deaths.

Farm Animal Slaughter - Fish (Farmed, Estimate): Approximately 6,416,666,667 monthly and 210,958,904 daily deaths (based on 2019 data).

Farm Animal Slaughter - Fish (Wild-caught, Estimate): Billions monthly and billions daily.

5.5. Data Sources for Animal Killings:

The primary data sources for this section are the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) 56, Faunalytics (analysis of FAO data) 88, Our World in Data (analysis of FAO data) 56, Shelter Animals Count (data on animal abuse and shelters in the USA) 46, Humane World for Animals (various statistics) 80, Sentient Media (analysis of animal slaughter) 54, IDAUSA (hunting statistics in the USA) 78, and Animal Clock (animal mortality statistics in the USA).91 The diverse range of sources providing data on animal killings indicates that this information originates from a combination of official statistical bodies like the FAO and various advocacy and research organizations focused on animal welfare and conservation. This mix of sources can lead to variations in data collection methodologies and the specific focus of the data gathered. While FAO data offers the most comprehensive global statistics on farm animal slaughter, other organizations often concentrate on specific regions or categories of animal mortality, such as animal abuse within the United States. Combining data from these different sources can contribute to a more complete understanding of the overall picture of animal mortality caused by human activities, although it is important to acknowledge potential inconsistencies or differences in scope across these sources. The availability of data from these organizations enables researchers, policymakers, and animal welfare advocates to analyze trends in animal mortality and to inform and support efforts aimed at improving animal welfare and promoting conservation.

6. Summary Table of Global Killing Rates (Latest Available Year)

7. Conclusion: Summary of Findings, Key Trends, and Data Limitations

The analysis of global mortality rates from violence and homicides for the latest available year has revealed several key trends and challenges. In the realm of intentional homicides, while the overall number remains high, the data for 2021 indicates an increase, potentially linked to the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic and the rise of organized crime. The breakdown by motive highlights a significant proportion of homicides being crime-related, particularly in the Americas, as well as an alarmingly high rate of femicides by intimate partners or family members.

Regarding armed conflicts, 2023 saw a decrease in the total number of deaths compared to the previous year, yet Africa and the Middle East continue to bear the brunt of these tragedies. Intrastate conflicts remain the dominant type, causing the highest number of casualties. Terrorism-related deaths in 2022 also showed a decline, although the lethality of individual attacks increased, and the geographical spread of the threat remains wide.

The analysis of animal killings revealed the immense scale of farm animal slaughter for food production, dwarfing the mortality rates in other categories. Estimates for animal deaths from abuse and hunting, particularly on a global scale, remain incomplete, indicating a need for improved data collection in these areas.

It is important to acknowledge the limitations in the availability and comparability of global data across different categories of killings. Data collection methodologies and definitions can vary significantly, necessitating caution when interpreting and comparing statistical figures. Despite these limitations, the report provides a comprehensive overview of global mortality from violence and homicides for the latest available year, underscoring the need for continued research and targeted interventions to reduce violence and enhance safety for all.

8. Recommendations

Policy Interventions:

Targeted interventions should be implemented to address the high rates of intentional homicide linked to organized crime in the Americas, focusing on strengthening law enforcement, disrupting criminal networks, and addressing underlying socioeconomic factors.18 Legal frameworks and support systems aimed at combating domestic violence and femicide must be strengthened and expanded, given the persistently high rates of these killings globally.3 Initiatives to address the root causes of hate crimes and politically motivated violence should be developed and implemented, focusing on promoting tolerance, inclusivity, and countering extremist ideologies.23 Diplomatic efforts and conflict resolution initiatives should be prioritized and continued to reduce the number of deaths resulting from armed conflicts, building upon instances where conflict resolution has led to a decrease in fatalities.72 International cooperation and intelligence sharing should be enhanced to effectively counter the persistent global threat of terrorism. Policies aimed at improving the welfare of farm animals and promoting more sustainable food systems should be considered, given the immense scale of animal slaughter for food production.

Further Research:

More in-depth research is needed to understand the specific factors that contributed to the increase in intentional homicides observed in 2021. Further investigation into the underlying causes and evolving trends of intrastate conflicts and one-sided violence against civilians is warranted to inform more effective prevention strategies. Research should continue to focus on understanding the evolving tactics, motivations, and lethality of terrorist organizations to improve counter-terrorism efforts. Greater emphasis should be placed on research aimed at improving the collection and comparability of global data on animal abuse and hunting, which currently suffer from significant limitations. Research into the long-term social, economic, and psychological impacts of different forms of violence on individuals, families, and communities is essential for developing comprehensive support and intervention programs.

Improvements in Data Collection and Reporting Methodologies:

Greater harmonization of definitions and data collection standards for intentional homicides across different countries is crucial for improving the global comparability of homicide statistics.1 Innovative methods for collecting reliable mortality data in active conflict zones should be explored and implemented, acknowledging the significant challenges inherent in such environments.53 Efforts should be made to improve global reporting on incidents of animal abuse and the numbers of animals killed through hunting to better understand the scale of these issues. Continued and expanded data collection efforts by key organizations such as UNODC, UCDP, SIPRI, and the GTD are essential to provide a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of global mortality trends across all categories of violence and homicide.

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Millions have died in conflicts since the Cold War; most of them in Africa and intrastate conflicts - Our World in Data, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://ourworldindata.org/conflict-deaths-breakdown

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Global Violence Soars: 2022 Records Highest Death Toll in Organized Conflict Since Rwandan Genocide - ScienceBlog.com, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://scienceblog.com/global-violence-soars-2022-records-highest-death-toll-in-organized-conflict-since-rwandan-genocide/

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2. Trends in armed conflicts | SIPRI, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2023/02

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Armed Conflict Survey 2024: Editor's Introduction, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://www.iiss.org/publications/armed-conflict-survey/2024/editors-introduction/

UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://ucdp.uu.se/

Population is the main driver of war group size and conflict casualties - PNAS, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1713972114

Estimating Indirect War Deaths Directly by - Royal Holloway, University of London, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://personal.rhul.ac.uk/uhte/014/Oslo_Presentation.pdf

Trends and fluctuations in the severity of interstate wars - PMC - PubMed Central, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5834001/

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Global Land Animal Slaughter, 1961-2022 - Kaggle, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/programmerrdai/global-land-animal-slaughter-1961-2022

Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm

Estimating the death toll and civilian to combatant ratio in Gaza : r/IsraelPalestine - Reddit, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/IsraelPalestine/comments/1gs4b4h/estimating_the_death_toll_and_civilian_to/

Estimated Totals for the Entire 20th Century, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://necrometrics.com/all20c.htm

Global Animal Slaughter Statistics & Charts - Faunalytics, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://faunalytics.org/global-animal-slaughter-statistics-and-charts/

Civilians Killed & Wounded | Costs of War, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/costs/human/civilians

Are 90% of deaths in wars really civilians? What was the Civilian to Combatant ratio in Mosul and Raqqa? : r/geopolitics - Reddit, дата последнего обращения: апреля 2, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/geopolitics/comments/1cs4xg1/are_90_of_deaths_in_wars_really_civilians_what/

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Type of Killing

Subcategory (if applicable)

Annual Number of Deaths

Average Monthly Number of Deaths

Average Daily Number of Deaths

Main Data Source

Intentional Homicide

Total

458,000 (2021)

38,167

1,255

UNODC 1

Organized Crime/Gang Related

100,760 (2021)

8,397

276

UNODC 1

Other Crime Related

47,174 (2021)

3,931

129

UNODC 3

Domestic/Family Related

87,020 (2023)

7,252

238

UNODC 3, UN Women 4

Other Interpersonal

45,800 (2021)

3,817

125

UNODC 3

Socio-political (including terrorism)

41,220 (2021)

3,435

113

UNODC 3, GTD 5

Unknown

166,226 (2021)

13,852

455

UNODC 3

Deaths from Armed Conflicts

Total

154,000 (2023)

12,833

422

UCDP 6

Intrastate Conflicts

1,900,000 (1989-2023)

53,662 (average over period)

147 (average over period)

UCDP 8

One-sided Violence

1,200,000 (1989-2023)

33,901 (average over period)

93 (average over period)

UCDP 8

Non-state Conflicts

370,000 (1989-2023)

10,451 (average over period)

29 (average over period)

UCDP 8

Interstate Conflicts

300,000 (1989-2023)

8,475 (average over period)

23 (average over period)

UCDP 8

Deaths from Terrorist Acts

Total

6,701 (2022)

558

18

GTD 5

Animal Killings

Abuse (Estimate - USA)

10,000,000 (annually)

833,333

27,397

Shelter Animals Count 7

Hunting (Estimate - USA)

200,000,000 (annually)

16,666,667

547,945

IDAUSA 9

Farm Animal Slaughter - Total (Land Animals)

82,624,694,782 (2022)

6,885,391,232

226,371,766

FAO 10

Farm Animal Slaughter - Chickens

73,800,000,000 (2022)

6,150,000,000

201,917,808

FAO 10

Farm Animal Slaughter - Pigs

1,400,000,000 (2022)

116,666,667

383,562,055

FAO 10

Farm Animal Slaughter - Ducks

4,300,000,000 (2022)

358,333,333

1,178,082,192

FAO 10

Farm Animal Slaughter - Sheep

617,000,000 (2022)

51,416,667

168,941,507

FAO 10

Farm Animal Slaughter - Cattle

332,000,000 (2022)

27,666,667

908,219,178

FAO 10

Farm Animal Slaughter - Fish (Farmed, Estimate)

77,000,000,000 (2019)

6,416,666,667

210,958,904

Sentience Institute 14

Farm Animal Slaughter - Fish (Wild-caught, Estimate)

Trillions (annually)

Billions (monthly)

Billions (daily)

12